What do doctors test for when doing routine blood testing for a patient? does it differ for men and women?

It depends on you: The type of blood & urine testing depends on your presenting problems. But most often doctors would order a CBC with differential and a metabolic panel (different names or acronyms in different clinics). Depending on need, i may well also order a thyroid panel, b12, vit d, and rbc folate (folic acid) levels.

OnlyBasics, YesMinor: There is no universal. Common issues are electrolytes (salts), liver related proteins, glucose, cr & BUN for estimating kidney function, cholesterol (wrong issue, lipoproteins correct) in the water outside cells & red + white blood cells. There are thousands of things which could be tested & prices are all over the place depending on lab & issues being looked for. Men ?Prostate, women ?Hormones.