Can teeth polishing make teeth surface smooth again?

A professional cleaning will remove calculus and polish out any minor imperfections, unless of course, you have enamel that has been roughened by bacterial acid. In that case you will need bonded restorations.

I am not sure what you mean by polishing! Are you referring to a prophylaxis, ameloplasties, adjustments of occlusion, or to what is done towards the end of restoring a tooth. Yes, polishing can smooth the surface of teeth by wearing it down with abrasives from stronger to milder. Toothpaste and prophylactic paste are very mild abrasives and stronger abrasives are only used when it is necessary!

Depends on what made the surfaces feel rough. You will have to see a Dentist to determine the cause of then "roughness." Onlybthen can a proper treatment decision be made.

A rough surface on teeth could be natural over the years from eating and brushing. A polishing disk or rubber wheel is not abrasive enough to smooth over the rough area. A treatment by a dentist with the proper instruments will solve this problem.