Are there any drugs that can cause neuorpathy legal or illegal after a single use?

Yes: Yes. The list of drugs is quite long and includes antibiotics, antifungals, chemotherapy, drugs used for heart disease, skin/joint disease etc. I think it is unlikely for these drugs to cause neuropathy after a single dose with the exception of chemotherapy. https://www.foundationforpn.org/livingwithperipheralneuropathy/causes/drugscausingperipheralneuropathy.cfm.