Can migraines cause permanent damage to your brain ?

Generally not: Although the severe pain of migraine might feel like there is damage, usually there is no damage to the brain itself. However, uncommonly stroke can occur with migraine and the stroke causes damage to the brain. Whether or not a stroke occurs does not relate to the degree of pain but to other risk factors such as aura, use of oral contraceptives, smoking, complex migraine and others.

Not likely: If you are talking about a plain uncomplicated migraine, not highly likely.

Very unlikely, but: The female who is taking hormones, suffers migraines with auras, and smokes cigarettes, is at high risk for stroke, but usually, these nasty events just make your life miserable, not damage you permanently.