Can bowel adhesions cause vitamin deficiency and digestive problems?

Possibly: If absorption is compromised although it is difficult to give a straight answer.

Not commonly: Everyone that has had an a abdominal surgery will form some degree of adhesions. Hopefully most will be minimal. Most patients with "adhesions" will have no problems. If there is chronic or recurrent partial bowel obstructions from adhesions then maybe there could be digestive problems. Vitamin deficiency would not be likely unless they are unable to eat a healthy diet.