Can anesthesia from a toe surgery kill you?

Yes: There is always a risk, that said the risk is very low.

Indirectly possible.: If you have poor circulation or sickle cell disease and have epinepherine injected into your toe, this could cause gangrene and a possible blood clot to spread. This is very rare.

Unlikely: But there are always risks involved. Discuss them with your anesthesiologist before the procedure. If there are any serious concerns, he won't allow the surgery to proceed until the concerns are resolved.

Theoretically yes.: This is unfortunately a not a very good answer. In reality the chances are so small as not to discuss. I could invent a scenario in which everything went wrong and a patient died, but that simply would not be realistic.