Could a newborn go blind if the doctor gave the newborn too much air?

No: You may be thinking of oxygen, not air. Premature infants may develop retinitis (hemorrhage and retinal damage) of prematurity. It may cause vision problem in these infants. But it usually does not occur in full term infants, and certainly if a doctor gave just air not oxygen. However, i would strongly suggest you speak to the doctor if you have any doubt.

Depends on age: If the infant is less than 31 weeks or weight 1250 gm/less then there is risk for developing retinopathy of prematurity (rop) or terry syndrome.