I was wondering what are the differences between renal dialysis and kidney transplant?

Big difference: Both are ways to treat kidney failure. Dialysis is the cleansing of the blood of most impurities that build up without a functioning kidney. It can be done through a machine with filters or through a tube in the peritoneum (abdomen) to exchange fluids. A transplant means surgically implanting a new kidney to due to job of the old ones.