Can neurogenic bladder be cured after back surgery?

Unlikely: Acute bladder dysfunction can respond to acute surgical intervention, but longer dysfunction typically is frequently refractory to treatment.

Perhaps: If the etiology of the neurogenic bladder is cord or nerve compromise (such as severe stenosis, herniated disc, or other compression), then decompression of the nerves will lead to functional improvement, so long as the nerve compromise has not been lasting and neurovascular compromise has not taken effect.