Is there a test that can be given to determine if one has consumed alcohol within the last 24 hour period?

Breathalyzer: Breathalyzer or blood testing would accomplish this. The liver metabolizes alcohol at a set rate so the size of a person can make a difference in how long it is detectable. This would also vary depending on how much alcohol was consumed in that 24hr period. If a small enough amount is consumed it might not be detectible even a few hours later.

Yes: It is called ethylglucuronide but it can be positive even if one uses a handwash with alcohol in it. Sometimes if one drinks enough, blood alcohol levels can remain detectable even after 24 hours.