Lots of things: Anything that clogs the nose can block the sinuses. Common causes of nasal swelling include upper respiratory tract infections (colds) and allergies. Once the sinuses cannot drain, bacteria can accumulate in the sinuses and increase in large enough numbers to cause the symptoms of infection. The bacteria can come from various sources, including the nasopharyx and the adenoids that reside there.
Answered 7/7/2018
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Microbes...: Microbes: most commonly viruses, and occasionally bacteria.
Answered 6/29/2012
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