What causes the necessity of open heart surgery?

Multiple: Some patients have such extensive coronary blockage for which multiple stents are not sufficient and open-heart surgery is required. Currently, valve replacement cannot be done without open-heart surgery although the incisions are getting smaller. As technology improves, more and more of the coronary and valve repair will be done in the catheterization laboratory and not in the operating room.

Surgical disease: Open heart surgery is needed for advanced severe coronary artery disease, valve disease, septal defects , aneurysms, and transplants.