What can doctors tell from a urine sample?

Depends on the test.: Doctors order specific tests on urine depending on the patient's needs. The most common urine tests check for blood, protein, ph imbalance, diabetes, kidney problems & infection. Microscopy can further find stone crystals, bacteria, or yeast. Toxicology tests look for drugs of abuse (amphetamine, cocaine, opiates, benzo). Specialized tests can look for endocrine problems (cortisol).