What can cause a throbbing head pain?

Depends...: It could be as simple as a run of the mill headache to something more serious. If it does not improve consult with your doctor. If it is associated with more concerning symptoms such as dizziness, blurry/double vision, etc seek urgent medical attention.

Anything: Headaches can come from fatigue, sleeping too much or too little, eye strain, sleep apnea, snoring, being dehydrated, having chronic sinusitis or allergies, too much caffeine or over the counter headache medication, high blood pressure or something more serious like a tumor. See your doctor and get checked.