Can high blood pressure and cholesterol cause vessel damage all over my body?

Yes, absolutely: Vascular disease (the buildup of cholesterol and fibrous tissue with narrowing of the lumen of blood vessels) may occur in any part of the circulation. In the cardiac circulation, it may lead to angina or a heart attack. In the head/cerebral circulation, it may lead to a stroke. It may also occur in the circulation to the legs, intestines, and kidneys. This causes problems in the affected organs.

Hypertension: Yes but brain heart most concerning.