Does taking anastrozole as a male have an effect that mimics an increased testosterone level?

Yes - PED: Use of estrogen blocking agents is considered a form of performance enhancing drugs in men as purposeful reduction of estrogen can make pituitary to increase FSH & LH which then stimulates testes to produce more testosterone (and sperm). In fact, anastrozole, clomiphene & tamoxifen are used way off-label for just such a purpose but best only under supervision given potential side effects.

Anastrozole blocks..: ... the production of Estrogen from Testosterone. This conversion happens at a low level in fat tissue. Anastrozole won't increase Testosterone production but it will lower estrogen levels. To a certain extent Estrogen has the opposite effect as testosterone In men.