Could a yeast infection in the blood stream show up on a peripheral blood smear?

Yes: It can happen but it's not common unless the infection is pretty severe.

I'd you're lucky: A peripheral smear is very unlikely to show yeast but can easily show indirect signs of blood infection. The stains (coloring) used for peripheral smears are not the best to show yeast. Special stains can be used, but you still need a keen eye and a lot of luck.