Would a stress fracture in your cuboid make your leg/calf hurt?

Fravtured Cuboid: Yes, this could cause your calf to hurst since the peroneal longus tendon travels beneath a notch in the cuboid. The fracture or inflamation surrounding the bone and tendon could cause a tenosynovitis of the peroneal tendon which travels up around the ankle into the leg.

Yes it could: The peroneal muscles of the lower leg can be spasming in response to the fracture pain, and cause pain by the spasms themselves. A cast / boot may be necessary to minimize this problem.