How can you tell the difference between a broken toe and a fractured toe?

Same thing: Fracture is a break. Some breaks are not complete like a crack or stress fracture.

With an X-ray: Semantically, a fractured toe indicates that the bone (phalanges) are actually cracked. It is a broken toe. However, some doctors also call a dislocated toe (without the actual fracture) a broken toe. So when you are told you have a broken toe, you may want to ask specifically if there is a fracture, if it is just dislocated or both!