What alternatives are there to blood transfusions?

Volume replacement,,: In those cases where blood transfusion is not chosen, there are alternatives. Blood substitutes are not available, but are being developed. Volume expansion, like normal saline, is another avenue, for those who do not accept regular transfusions, like jehovah's witnesses. Hemodilution, intra-op. Blood salvage, plasmapheresis, epoetin, and fractionation of rbc, wbc, ptl, and plasma are others.