Took extra strength tylenol (acetaminophen) and then threw up 15 min later, can i take more?

Probably: But if you have Ibuprofen around, that would be safer since we do not know if any tylenol (acetaminophen) got metabolized and ingested at all. Take the Ibuprofen with a little milk or some food so as not to get an upset stomach if possible, best wishes.

Wait: 4-6 hours as you may have absorbed part of the medication, Not more than 3000 mg in a 24 hour period to avoid liver damage

Maybe: If you only took 500 mg and have no other medical issues, yes. You can alternatively take Advil (ibuprofen).